On September 17, 1939, the President of the Polish Republic, Ignacy Mościcki, who was then in the small town of Kuty (now Ukraine) near the southern Polish border, issued a proclamation about his plan to transfer power and appointing Władysław Raczkiewicz, the Speaker of the Senate, as his successor. From 1940, following the Fall of France, the government moved to London, and remained in the United Kingdom until its dissolution in 1990. The government-in-exile was based in France during 19, first in Paris and then in Angers. Only after the end of Communist rule in Poland did the government-in-exile formally pass on its responsibilities to the new government of the Third Polish Republic in December 1990. Abroad, under the authority of the government-in-exile, Polish military units that had escaped the occupation fought under their own commanders as part of Allied forces in Europe, Africa, and the Middle East.Īfter the end of World War II, as the Polish territory came under the control of the People's Republic of Poland, a Soviet satellite state, the government-in-exile remained in existence, though largely unrecognized and without effective power. ), was the government in exile of Poland formed in the aftermath of the Invasion of Poland of September 1939, and the subsequent occupation of Poland by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union, which brought to an end the Second Polish Republic.ĭespite the occupation of Poland by hostile powers, the government-in-exile exerted considerable influence in Poland through the structures of the Polish Underground State and its military arm, the Armia Krajowa (Home Army) resistance. James Reichley, States in Crisis: Politics in Ten American States (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1963), ch.10 Baltimore Sun 2 Nov.1950, p.6 Heale, ‘Red Scare Politics’, pp.29–30.The Polish government-in-exile, formally known as the Government of the Republic of Poland in exile (Polish language: Rząd Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej na uchodźstwie Cresap, Party Politics in the Golden State (Los Angeles, 1954) Weaver, Warren: The Man, The Court, The Era (Boston, 1967), pp.95–6 Baltimore Sun, 2 Nov.1950 Sacramento Bee, 8 Jan.1951 Long, ‘Earl Warren’, pp.68–9.ĭean R. Murray, Red Scare: A Study in National Hysteria, 1919–1920 (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1955), p. Hyman, To Try Men’s Souls: Loyalty Tests in American History (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1959), pp.15, 57–8, 85, 139–250, 259 State of New York, Revolutionary Radicalism… (Albany, 1920), pt.1, vol.1, p.16 Brown, Jr, Loyalty and Security: Employment Tests in the United States ( New Haven: Yale University Press, 1958 ), pp. Edmund Reutter, Jr, The School Administrator and Subversive Activities (New York: Teachers College, Columbia University, 1951), pp.6–48 Solomon Golat to ACLU, 16 Sept.1953, Box 1043, Folder 18, ACLU Records, Seeley G. Gusfield, Symbolic Crusade: Status Politics and the American Temperance Movement (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1963).ĪCLU, Thirty-Fourth Annual Report, 1953–1954 (New York, 1954), p.35 ĪCLU, Thirtieth Annual Report (1951), p.23 Į.

Polish oath of loyalty 1953